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耶和华见证人认为『人死后灵魂不存在』的错误

张逸萍译自:Reed, David A. Answering Jehovah’s Witnesses Subject by Subject. MI: Baker Books, 1999, p. 215-17.

 

 

根据耶和华见证人,当你死的时候,你就不再存在了。他们否认在身体死亡之后,有任何非物质部分仍然存留下来。为了要这样教导,当然,他们必须为『灵』和『魂』重新下定义。可是,这工作并不太困难,因为某些圣经所用的字,是有多方面的意思的,可从上下文决定。英文字的『soul』和『spirit[1] 就是这样的字,字典会列举几个意思。耶和华见证人利用这一点,于是专讲那些能适合他们的教义上的,不顾那些不合适的。例:[2]

 

例如,圣经有些地方的『soul』原文光指一个人:——

 

例如使徒行传二十七章37节:

KJVAnd we were in all in the ship two hundred threescore and sixteen souls.

NIVAltogether there were 276 of us on board.

和合本:我们在船上的共有二百七十六个人。

 

又有一些地方,『soul』的意思是生命:——

 

例如诗篇八十六篇14节:

KJVthe assemblies of violent men have sought after my soul; 

NIVruthless people are trying to kill me—

和合本:有一党强横的人寻索我的命,

 

所以耶和华见证人引用这样的例子,证明灵魂不是人肉体死后留下来的非物质部分。事实上,他们甚至不顾上下文地引用以西结书十八章4节,证明灵魂『死去』。在这经文,

 

KJVthe soul that sinneth, it shall die.

NIVThe one who sins is the one who will die.

和合本:犯罪的,他必死亡。

 

但是,上下文显示,这个经文不是讨论「人死后是否还有一部分能存留」的问题,这里是处理「指控上帝为父亲的罪而刑罚儿子」一事,所以指出,谁(人,soul)犯罪,谁死亡。(若要知道更多详情和他们怎样误用这经文,请见:Jehovah’s Witnesses Answered Verse by Verse一书。)

 

为了要否认灵魂这个字指人死后仍存的那部分,耶和华见证人谨慎地避免那些清楚有这个意思的经文;如果向他们指出这些经文,他们会尝试使用复杂的辩词来搪塞。清楚显示灵魂在死后仍存的经文(甚至耶证的《新世界》亦然)包括:

 

启示录六章9-11节:

KJV…… the souls of them that were slain for the word of God, ……cried with a loud voice, …… and it was said unto them, that they should rest yet for a little season, …… their brethren, that should be killed as they were, should be fulfilled.

NIV ……the souls of those who had been slain because of the word of …… called out in a loud voice……they were told to wait a little longer, until the full number of their fellow servants, their brothers and sisters, were killed just as they had been.

和合本:……为 神的道、并为作见证被杀之人的灵魂,大声喊著说∶……有话对他们说,还要安息片时,等著一同作仆人的和他们的弟兄也像他们被杀,满足了数目。

 

马太福音十章28节:

KJVAnd fear not them which kill the body, but are not able to kill the soul

NIVDo not be afraid of those who kill the body but cannot kill the soul. 

和合本:那杀身体、不能杀灵魂的,不要怕他们。

 

经文清楚明确,人人都能明白,只有那些被耶证灌输教导,洗了脑,眼晴瞎了的人,才不能明白。正如他们否认圣灵有位格和神圣,守望台为『spirit』一字重新定义,以之为一个不具人格的生命力量(life force):「灵没有人格……它不能思想……我们可把它比作汽车电池里的电流。」(The Truth That Leads to Eternal Life, 39)所以耶和华见证人这样说:当司提反请求耶稣「接收我的灵魂」(徒七59),他不过是请求耶稣为他的生命力量「拔掉插头」。

 

这样的解释,是忽视那些认为人的灵有思想和人格的经文,例如:

 

哥林多前书二章11节:

KJVFor what man knoweth the things of a man, save the spirit of man which is in him? 

NIVFor who knows a person’s thoughts except their own spirit within them?

和合本:除了在人里头的灵,谁知道人的事?

 

马可福音二章8节:

KJVAnd immediately when Jesus perceived in his spirit that they so reasoned within themselves, he said unto them, Why reason ye these things in your hearts?

NIVImmediately Jesus knew in his spirit that this was what they were thinking in their hearts, and he said to them, “Why are you thinking these things?

和合本:耶稣心中知道他们心里这样议论,就说∶你们心里为甚么这样议论呢?

 

如果灵魂只不过是「不具人格的力量」,如电流,耶稣怎么可能有如下表现?

 

约翰福音十一章33节:

KJVJews …… groaned in the spirit, and was troubled.

NIVJesus ……was deeply moved in spirit and troubled.

和合本:耶稣……心里悲叹,又甚忧愁,

 

 又怎么可能这样论及他的使徒们?

 

马可福音十四章38节:

KJVThe spirit truly is ready, but the flesh is weak.

NIVThe spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak.

和合本:你们心灵固然愿意,肉体却软弱了。

 

「一个不具人格的力量」能「愿意」吗?

 

你一旦向耶和华见证人指出守望台在『soul』和『spirit』教导上有错误,他们可能反过来问你这两个字的定义是什么,再请你详细指出死的时候,有什么事情发生。你应该避免这个陷阱,因为即便他是真诚地向你发问,你也需要很多的功夫,他们才能放弃被灌输的信念,而能成功地重新学习教义和神学。或者,这位耶和华见证人不过希望你「把珍珠丢出」,好让他们「把你撕碎」,最好不要给他们这样的机会。

 

你若使用下面的例子击败守望台错用『soul』和『spirit』两个字,证明圣经教导死后仍存,那已经足够了【我们甚至可以引用他们的《新世界》】。这些例子就是:讲拉撒路的故事,强调乞丐死了,「天使就带他到」一个地方「他要在这里得安慰。」(路十六2225《新世界》)。指出保罗明白,他身体死亡之后,「能跟基督在一起」(腓一23《新世界》),「非常愿意不住在肉身里,情愿以主那里为家。」(林后五8《新世界》)。因此,耶稣可以诚实地说,「凡活着信从我的,必永远不死。」(约十一26《新世界》)。

 

 



[1] 因为『spirit』和『soul』,中文都翻译为灵魂,所以在本文暂不翻译,见下面解释和例子。

[2]为了让中文读者更明白,译者在文中将KVJNIV、和合本同列

 

 

 

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