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巴特埃尔曼的福音(详批《制造耶稣》或《错引耶稣》)

张逸萍译自:“The Gospel according to Bart”  by Daniel B. Wallace   https://bible.org/article/gospel-according-bart

 

有人因读《错引耶稣》或作《制造耶稣》而放弃信仰。这本书有什么内容这么震撼呢?其理据是否值得相信呢?丹尼尔·B·华莱士(Daniel B. Wallace)教授的这篇回应为你解释。但是“文本批判”是非常复杂的,所以华莱士教授的文章亦不简单。为此,预备了短短的摘要:——

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这书的第 1-4 章,基本上是对该领域的一般性介绍,并且做得非常好。可是,他表扬本格尔(Bengel)在文本批判中的工作,但不提他的“文本差异正统说”(doctrine of the orthodoxy of the variants),就是说,圣经抄本虽然有差异,却没有动摇任何福音派教义的信条。(恐怕这正和《错引耶稣》意图给人的印象,刚刚相反。)

再者,埃尔曼很少讨论各种手稿,而且夸大了差异的质量,同时强调了它们的数量。对希腊文和手稿有认识的人,都看得出埃尔曼的动机是为了挑衅。

圣经,埃尔曼指出,在我看来,它是一本非常人的书……从头到尾都是一本人的书。《错引耶稣》中强调的两个基本神学观点首先,正如我们之前提到的,谈论圣经无误是无意义的,因为我们没有最早的底本;其次,手稿中的差异改变了新约的基本神学。

在其余几章中,埃尔曼开始举出他用以攻击圣经的例子。华莱士教授逐一解释如下:

 

1)马可的最后十二句、行淫时被拿的女人、约翰壹书57-8

 学者们同意,马可的最后十二句、行淫时被拿的女人,这两段不在最旧和最好的手稿中。可惜,大部分翻译本,因为各种原因,仍然包括它们。

至于约翰壹书57-8节的“三位一体公式”,只有少数很晚期的手稿有这节经文。所以,很多现代译本都没有它。

埃尔曼提出这三段经文,居心可见。

 

2希伯来书28-9

 埃尔曼认为靠著上帝的恩典”——χ ριτι θεου'——是后来的;相反,他认为和上帝分开,或 χωρ   θεο ,才是作者最初写的。

但是,联合圣经公会给前者的评级是A。而且无论哪个版本正准,都没有影响任何新约教义。

 

3)马可福音一章41

 埃尔曼认为应该是 ργισθε  (变得愤怒),而不是 σπλαγχνισθει…v 因同情而感动)。

但是,无论是哪个才是最早最正确,都不能影响我们对耶稣的认识。

 

4马太福音2436

埃尔曼表示,许多手稿,包括一些早期和重要的手稿,都没有 ο δ    υ    (子也不知道)。它是否真实,存在争议。

但是,平行经文,马可福音 1332节中的措辞: 除了父之外,没有人知道——天上的天使和子都不知道。”所以,即使埃尔曼的解释是对的,这平行经文已经告诉我们,耶稣并不知道他再来的时间。

 

5约翰福音118

 埃尔曼认为,应该是儿子,而不是上帝,才是对的。对这节经文的讨论,最为错综复杂。简而言之,埃尔曼的理据是:μονογεν   后面也是一个名词,将 μονογεν   θε   作为两个并列的名词,是错的句法。

 但是,华莱士教授提出七节经文,说明有时两个名词并列,可作形容词用。

 

结论:

 所以,华莱士教授说:认为新约手稿中的差异改变了新约神学的想法,充其量是夸大其词。我们可以结论说,还未有改变新约核心教义的重要文本差异

 这样的挑衅,有如《达文西密码》,是哗众取宠,制造恐慌和不安。但是华莱士教授提醒牧长们要保护羊群,不是不让他们知道这些学术问题,反要预早教导,让他们知道,免得他们不能在挑战前站稳。

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此外,骆鸿铭弟兄已有一篇撮译:「书评巴特.叶尔曼著, 《制造耶稣ˉ史上No. 1畅销书的传抄、更动与错用》

最后,请参考:「“错引”耶稣?反驳巴特埃尔曼的《制造耶稣》

 

对于大多数新约学生来说,一本关于文本批判(textual criticism)的书,会叫他打阿欠。乏味的细节不会成为畅销书的内容。但自 2005 11 1 日出版以来,《制造耶稣》(或作《错引耶稣》,Misquoting Jesus2 , 一直向著亚马逊销售榜的高峰盘旋,而且越来越高。自从这位北美领先的文本批判家之一,巴特.埃尔曼(Bart Ehrman)出现在 NPR 的两个节目(Diane Rehm Show Terry Gross Fresh Air ——都在一周的时间内——它一直在亚马逊的前五十名畅销书中。在三个月内,销量超过 100,000 本。今年 3 5 日,《华盛顿邮报》(The Washington Post) 的尼莉·塔克 (Neely Tucker)访问埃尔曼时,埃尔曼的书销量更猛增。塔克先生说埃尔曼是一位“基要主义学者,他对基督教的起源如此执著,以至于他完全放弃了信仰。”3 九天后,埃尔曼成为乔恩·斯图尔特(Jon Stewart)每日秀(The Daily Show)的嘉宾名人。斯图尔特说,视圣经为正统文士所故意破坏的,这使得圣经 “更有趣……在某些方面几乎更神圣。”斯图尔特在采访结束时说∶“我真的祝贺你。 真是一本好书! 48 小时内,《错引耶稣》就登上了亚马逊销售巅峰,哪怕只是片刻。两个月后,销售仍然很高,停留在 最畅销的25 本书左右。它“已成为今年最不可能的畅销书之一。”4 对于一本话题沉闷的学术巨著来说,不错!

 

为什么有这样的喧嚣?嗯,一方面,讲耶稣,有销路。但不是圣经中的耶稣。有销路的耶稣,是迎合后现代人口味的。一本名为《制造耶稣史上NO.1畅销书的传抄、更动与错用》(Misquoting Jesus: The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why)的书,希望藉著新证据,证明圣经中的耶稣是虚构的,所以能创造了一群现成的观众。讽刺的是,几乎埃尔曼所讨论的文本差异  [a],都没有涉及耶稣讲的话。这本书根本文不对题。埃尔曼比较喜欢“传抄更改”( Lost in Transmission)的题目,但出版商认为“巴诺书店”( Barnes and Noble) 的顾客们可能会认为这本书是关于赛车的!尽管埃尔曼没有选择他的最终标题,但它已成为出版成功之举。

 

更重要的是,这书之所以畅销,是因为它吸引了怀疑者,他们想得到不相信的理由,他们认为圣经是一本神话。说圣经中的故事是传说,是一回事;说其中许多是在几个世纪后添加的,则完全是另一回事。虽然埃尔曼并没有这么说,他给人的印象是:新约的原始形式与现在阅读的手稿,大不相同。

 

根据埃尔曼的说法,这是第一本为非专业读者编写的关于新约文本批判的书——这门学科已经存在了近 300 年。5 显然,他没有计算“只读钦定版圣经”(KJV Only)倡导者所写的几本书,或者与他们互动的书籍。似乎埃尔曼的意思是,这第一本,新约文本批判学的一般性书籍,是由一位真正的文本批判家为非专业读者编写的。这很可能是真的。

 

文本批判学入门

《错引耶稣》的大部分内容只是新约文本批判入门 101.包括引言和结语在内,共有七章。本书的大部分内容(第 1-4 章)基本上是对该领域的一般性介绍,并且做得非常好。它向读者介绍了引人入胜的抄写圣经世界、封圣过程以及希腊文新约的印刷文本。它讨论了以“合理综观法”(reasoned eclecticism[b] 的基本方法。在这四章中,讨论不同方面———文本差异、早期教父的引述、新教徒和天主教徒之间的辩论,让读者熟悉文本批判这个晦涩的领域中的一些挑战。

 

1 章(基督教圣经的开端)阐述了新约书籍的写作原因,人们如何接受,以及它们何时被接受为圣经。

2 章(早期基督教著作的抄写员)涉及对文本的抄写更改,包括有意和无意的。在这里,埃尔曼将标准的文本批判信息,与他自己的解释,混合在一起。这种解释绝不是所有文本批判家,甚至大多数人都不同意的。本质上,他把抄写活动描绘得非常阴暗,6  让粗心的读者以为我们没有可能恢复新约的原始措辞。

 

3 章(新约文本)和第 4 章(探寻起源)将我们从伊拉斯谟计划Erasmus)和第一部出版的希腊新约,带到韦斯科特和霍特(Westcott and Hort)的文本。讨论了从 16 世纪到 19 世纪的主要学者。这是本书中最客观的材料,引人入胜。但即使在这里,埃尔曼藉著他对材料的选择,注入了自己的观点。例如,在讨论本格尔(Bengel)在文本批判史(109-112)中所起的作用时,作为学者,埃尔曼对这位虔诚的德国保守派给予高度评价对圣经文本的解释,极其谨慎109); 本格尔认真地研究一切111)。埃尔曼谈到本格尔在文本批判方面的突破(111-12),但没有提到他是第一个阐明“文本差异正统说”(doctrine of the orthodoxy of the variants)的重要学者。这是一个奇怪的遗漏,因为一方面,埃尔曼很清楚这一事实,因为现在由鲁斯·梅茨格(Bruce Metzger)和巴特埃尔曼写的《新约经文》(The Text of the New Testament)的第四版中, 7 就在《错引耶稣》出版前几个月出现,作者们指出:「本格尔 以特有的精力和毅力,取得了他有可能得到的所有版本、手稿和早期翻译。经过长时间的研究,他得出的结论是,差异的数量比预期的要少,而且正如所预期的,它们没有动摇任何福音派教义的信条 8  另一方面,埃尔曼反而提到了与本格尔同时代的卫斯坦( J. J. Wettstein),他在 20 岁的年幼时候,就认为这些差异 不会削弱圣经的可信度或完整性, 9  但多年后,在仔细研究了文本,卫斯坦在开始认真思考自己的神学信念之后,改变了自己的观点。”10  人们很容易认为埃尔曼可能会看到他自己和卫斯坦之间的相似之处和韦特斯坦一样,埃尔曼在大学时也是一名福音派教徒,但在他年纪更成熟的时候,改变了他对文本和神学的看法。11 但是本格尔提供的模型——一这位清醒的学者,得出相当不同的结论——被悄悄地遗忘了。

 

同样奇怪的是,蒂申多夫(Tischendorf)孜孜不倦地发掘手稿,又出版全备的希腊文本批判,他的动机是什么?蒂申多夫被公认为有史以来最勤奋的新约文本批判家。促使他恢复文本最早形式的愿望是——他相信该文本会为正统基督教护航,反对鲍尔(F. C. Baur) 及其追随者的黑格尔(Hegel)式怀疑论。《错引耶稣》中没有提到这些。

 

除了对学者及其意见的选择性地报导之外,这四章还有两个奇怪的遗漏。首先,几乎没有关于各种手稿的讨论。就好像外部证据对埃尔曼来说,是没有什么意的。此外,尽管他向非专业读者介绍了该学科,但他没有向他们提供有关哪些手稿更值得信赖、更古旧等细节的事实,使读者能够控制得到的信息。我在阅读这本书时,反复地感到沮丧,因为它谈到了各种文本的不同,但没有提供太多支持它们的数据(如果有的话)。即使在他的第三章——“新约文本版本、手稿和差异”——对手稿的讨论很少,也完全没有讨论个别的抄本。在专门处理手稿的两页中,埃尔曼只谈到了它们的数量、性质和差异。12

 

其次,埃尔曼夸大了差异的质量,同时强调了它们的数量。他说∶“我们手稿中的差异,比新约中的字数还要多。13 在其他地方,他指出差异的数量高达 400,00014 这是事实,但本身也是误导。任何教导新约文本批判的人都知道,这个事实只是整幅图画的一部分,如果不加解释地在读者面前摇晃,那就是一种扭曲的观点。但发现这些变体中的绝大多数都是无关紧要的——涉及甚至无法翻译的拼写差异、带有专有名词的冠词、词序变化等等——并且只有极少数的差异改变了文本的含义,整个画面开始清楚了。事实上,只有大约 1% 的文本差异是有意义,而且可能带来后果的。15  埃尔曼有时在整本书中给人一个印象——并在采访中重复 16 ——就是对原文所使用措辞,非常不确定,17  这是一种远比他实际所接受的,更为激进的观点。18

 

我们可以这样来说明事情。希腊文新约中约有 138,000 个单词。手稿、版本和早期教父中的差异,几乎是这个数字的三倍。乍眼一看,这是一个惊人的数量。但考虑到其可能性,它实际上是微不足道的。例如,请考虑希腊语中,表达耶稣爱保罗的方式

1.       ησο   απ  Πα ον

2.       ησο ς  απ  τ  Πα ον

3.         Ιησο   απ  Πα ον

4.         Ιησο   απ  τ  Πα λον

5.      Πα ον  Ιησο   απ 

6.      τ  Πα λον  Ιησο   απ 

7.      Πα ον    Ιησο   απ 

8.      τ  Πα λον    Ιησο   απ 

9.       απ   Ιησο  Πα ον

10.   απ   Ιησο  τ  Πα ον

11.   απ     Ιησο  Πα ον

12.   απ     Ιησο  τ  Πα ον

13.   απ  Πα ον  Ιησο 

14.   απ  τ  Πα ον  Ιησο ς

15.   απ  Πα ον    Ιησο 

16.   απ  τ  Πα ον    Ιησο 

 

这些变化仅代表可能性的一小部分。例如,如果句子中使用 φιλε  而不是  γαπ ,或者如果它以 δεvκαιv μ ν 等连接词开头,则其变化可能是指数增长。再考虑同义词(例如,以 κ ριο  表示  Ιησο  )、拼写差异,附加词(例如 Χριστ    γιο  Πα λο ),并且影响语句本质的可能差异,如果都列出,可增加到数百个。如果像耶稣爱保罗这样简单的句子,可以有这么多微不足道的变化,那么新约抄本中仅 400,000 个差异,似乎几乎可以忽略不算的。19

 

但这些批评都是小挑剔。这本书的前四章没有什么真正惊天动地之处。反之,我们在引言中看到了埃尔曼的动机,最后三章揭示了他的议程。在这些地方,他特别挑衅,并倾向于夸大其词和不合逻辑。我们这篇回应文章的其余部分,重点放置在关注这些材料上。

 

埃尔曼的福音派背景

在序言中,埃尔曼谈到他的福音派背景(三年在穆迪圣经学院[Moody Bible Institute],两年在惠顿学院[Wheaton College],也是他第一次学习希腊语地方),然后是在普林斯顿神学院(Princeton Seminary)的道学士(M.Div)和博士学位。正是在普林斯顿,埃尔曼开始拒绝接受他的一些福音派教养,尤其是当他在新约文本的细节中挣扎时。他说,研究新约手稿,在他的脑海中产生越来越多的怀疑∶ “我一直再想到我的基本问题我们说圣经是神无误的话语,如果事实上我们没有神无误默示的话语,只有文士抄写的话语,那对我们有什么帮助? ——[文士的抄写]有时正确,有时(很多次!)不正确?20  这是一个很好的问题。它在《错引耶稣》中占有突出地位,并在整本书中反复出现。不幸的是,埃尔曼并没有真正花太多时间直接面对它们。

 

在攻读硕士学位期间,他参加了史多利(Cullen Story) 教授的马可福音课程。在他的学期论文中,他写了耶稣谈到大卫进入圣殿的问题,当亚比亚他是大祭司的时候(可 2:26)。众所周知,这是圣经无误问题的关键,因为根据撒母耳记上 21章,大卫进入圣殿的时间,亚比亚他的父亲亚希米勒是祭司。但埃尔曼决心解决这个看来简单的含义,以挽救圣经无误。埃尔曼告诉他的读者,史多利教授对论文的评论直接贯穿了我的内心。 他写道,也许马可搞错了。’”21  这是埃尔曼灵命之旅的决定性时刻。当他得出结论,认为马可可能犯了错误时,闸门打开了。22  [c] 他开始质疑许多其他圣经文本的历史可靠性,导致他对圣经的理解发生了翻天覆地的变化 圣经,埃尔曼指出,在我看来,它是一本非常人的书……从头到尾都是一本人的书。23

 

在这一切中,让我印象最震惊的是埃尔曼将无误性与圣经的一般历史可靠性联系在一起的程度。这对他来说是一个“要么全有、要么全无”的提议。他看事情,似乎是非黑即白,因为他用这些话结束了他的证词∶ “这是一个彻底的转变,从视圣经作为我们信仰、生活和未来的无误蓝图,变为将其视为一本绝对是人的书......这是我自己的思想转变,我最终做出了决定,现在我完全致力于此。”24  因此,他对文本的看法似乎没有中间立场。简而言之,埃尔曼所坚持的,似乎是我所说的骨牌教义观点。当其中一块倒下,其他都会倒下。 我们将在结论中再谈这个问题。

 

圣经的正统讹误

本书的核心是第 56 7 章。在这里,埃尔曼特别讨论了他的主要著作《正统讹文》(The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture)中的发现结果。25  他的最后一章结束了他在这段中所要讨论的论点∶ “如果说——正如人们有时这样讲——说我们文本的改变,与文本的含义,或从中得出的神学结论,没有真正的关系,那将是错误的。事实上,我们已经看到情况恰恰相反。26

 

我们停下来留意《错引耶稣》中强调的两个基本神学观点首先,正如我们之前提到的,谈论圣经无误是无意义的,因为我们没有最早的底本;其次,手稿中的差异改变了新约的基本神学。

 

否认底本无误的逻辑谬误

尽管埃尔曼并没有真正发展出这第一个论点,但它确实值得回应。我们需要首先仔细区分“逐字默示”和“无误”。默示与圣经的措辞有关,而无误与陈述的真实性有关。美国福音派人士普遍认为,只有底本是默示的。然而,这并不是说,抄本不可能无误。事实上,与圣经无关的说话,也可以是无误的。如果我说,我已婚,有四个儿子、两条狗和一只猫,那是没有错误的。它不是神的默示,也与圣经完全无关,但它是真实的。同样,无论保罗在罗马书 51节 中说我们[与神]相和还是让我们[与神]相和,这两种说法都是正确的(尽管每一种说法的意义不同),尽管其中只有一个是默示的。当我们考虑新约的文本的差异,牢记这一区别应该可以澄清问题。

 

不管人们对圣经无误教义的看法如何,以“未知的底本”为理由反对它,在逻辑上是错误的。之所以如此,有两个原因。首先,我们在手稿的某处有新约的文本。没有必要猜测,除了一两个地方。27  其次,那些含有“可能有影响的差异”的文本,对无误的影响,不比其他安全的文本更大。现在,可以肯定的是,文本差异,对无误呈现了一些挑战。我们不否认。但是,当涉及到无误所面临的问题时,还有更重要的。因此,如果推测怎样校订是不必要的,而且如果没有“有影响的差异”被视为无误的问题,那么“没有底本”的问题,对这教义来说,无实际意义。当然,对“逐字默示”的争议,不是无意义;但对“无误”,却是无意义的。28

 

文本差异有没有影响基本教义?

埃尔曼的第二个神学观点在他的书中占了中心位置。它也将同样地占用本文的其余编幅。

在第五章和第六章中,埃尔曼讨论了几段经文,据说其中的文本差异,影响核心神学信仰。他在最后一章总结了他的发现如下

在某些情况下,文本的真正含义受到威胁,这取决于人如何解决文本问题耶稣是不是一个愤怒的人 [马可福音 1.41]?面对死亡,他是否完全心烦意乱 [希伯来书 2.8-9]?他有没有告诉的门徒,他们可以喝毒而不受伤害 [马可福音 16.9-20]?他是不是只用一个温和的警告就让淫妇逍遥法外[约翰福音 7.53-8.11]?新约圣经 [约翰一书 5.7-8] 中是否明确教导了三位一体的教义?耶稣在那里真的被称为独一的神[约翰福音 1.18]?新约是否表明,即使是神的儿子自己,也不知道末日何时到来 [马太福音 24.36]?还有很多这样的问题。所有这些都与如何解决手稿怎么样传流到我们的困难有关。29

 

很明显,这样的总结,旨在把焦点放在埃尔曼所发现的主要问题经文段落。因此,遵循了拉比“举重以明轻”(a maiore ad minus)老套30,或说,以更大的争论比较小的。我们将只讨论这七个文本。

 

问题经文段落的问题

 

一个多世纪以来,大多数新约学者(包括大多数福音派新约学者)都认为其中三段是不真实的(马可福音 169-20节;约翰福音 753节至811节;约翰一壹书 57-8节)。31 然而,埃尔曼说来,似乎删除这些经文段落,会动摇我们的神学信念。 但是,情况并非如此。(其中一段:约翰壹书 57-8节,容留待结束时再讨论。)

 

马可的最后十二句和行淫时被拿的女人

 

同时,埃尔曼含举出了一个合理的问题。今天几乎看一看任何英文圣经,就会发现马可的较长结尾,和行淫时被拿的女人的段落,可以在它们通常的地方找到。因此,不仅 KJV NKJV 有这些段落(正如预期的那样),ASVRSVNRSVNIVTNIVNASBESVTEVNABNJB NET 也有这些段落。然而,翻译这些译本的学者们,大体上并不认同这些文本的真实性。原因很简单它们没有出现在最古老和最好的手稿中,而且它们的内部证据显然与真实性背道而驰。那为什么它们还在这些圣经中呢?

 

这个问题有不同的答案。对一些人来说,似乎由于基督徒传统上比较胆怯,所以它们出现在圣经中。还有一些似乎是好的原因。理由通常是,如果缺少这些著名的段落,没有人会购买某个版本。如果他们不买那个版本,它就不能影响基督徒。由于教皇当局的授权宣布该段落应被包括为圣经一部分,因此一些翻译包括行淫时被拿的女人那段。NEB/REB 将它包括在福音书的末尾,而不是在其传统位置。TNIV NET 的两个段落都以较小的字体使用括号括起来。当然,较小字体使人难于在讲坛上阅读。. NET 对这些经文的不真实性,有冗长的讨论。大多数翻译都提到,这些段落在最古老的手稿中找不到,但今天的读者很少注意到这种评论。我们怎么知道呢? 来自埃尔曼的书所产生的波浪,我们知道大家没有留意。在采访埃尔曼的广播、电视和报纸中,行淫被拿的女人的故事,几乎总是第一个被他认为是不真实的文字,而提及的目的是为了让观众感到震惊。

 

让公众了解有关圣经文本的学术秘密并不新鲜。爱德华·吉本 (Edward Gibbon) 在其六卷本畅销书《罗马帝国的衰落与衰落》(The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire)中指出,约翰一书 57-8节的“三位一体公式”,或作“约翰短句”(Comma Johanneum),并不真实。32  这让 18 世纪的英国公众感到震惊,因为他们唯一的圣经是钦定版圣经,包含这“公式”。 其他人在他之前也曾这样做过,但仅限于学术界和学者圈子。 吉本曾公开地这样做,用的语言旨在冒犯。 33 然而, 1885 年修订版出现时,其中没有“约翰短句”的痕迹。今天,该文本已不再以现代译本印刷,而且几乎没有引起人们的注意。

 

埃尔曼仿效吉本,让公众了解马可福音 169-20节和约翰福音 753节到811节的不真实性。不过,这里的问题有点不同。后文尤其附有强烈的情感包袱。多年来,这是我最喜欢的圣经中没有的段落。即使在我拒绝了它的文学/正典的真实性之后,我仍会把它当作真实的历史叙事来宣扬。我们都知道传道人不能完全放弃它,即使他们也对此表示怀疑。但这样做有两个问题。首先,就这两段经文的受欢迎程度而言,约翰福音 8 章是压倒性,但其经外证据明显比马可福音 16 章差。同一位宣布马可福音不真实的讲员会赞美约翰福音 8 章的美德。这种不一致,令人震惊。当一个人以感觉决定文本问题时,我们的神学院就会出现一些毛病。其次,行淫被拿女人段落,很可能不是真实的历史。这可能是从两个不同的记载混在一起的故事。34  因此,说故事是真实发生的,作为藉口,于是传扬它,显然是站不住脚的。

 

回想起来,将这两个段落保留在我们的圣经中,而没有被降级到脚注中,似乎是一个等待爆炸的炸弹。埃尔曼所做的只是点燃了保险丝。我们必须从《错引耶稣》中学到的一个教训,在教会中工作的人,需要弥合教会和学术界之间的鸿沟。我们必须教育信徒。与其试图将平信徒与批判性学术隔离开,我们需要保护他们。他们需要为攻击做好准备,因为将要到来。35  为了让教堂人数增加而故对教会沉默,最终会导致有人背叛基督。应该感谢埃尔曼给我们敲响警钟。

 

这并不是说埃尔曼在这书中所写的,所有内容都属于此类,但这三段是。再次,我们需要强调这些文本没有改变基本教义,也没有改变核心信念。一个多世纪以来,福音派学者一直在贬低他们,却没有动摇任何正统观念。

然而,剩下的四个文本问题,却是另一回事。埃尔曼要么诉诸一种解释,要么诉诸于某证据。这些证据是大多数学者认为充其量是值得怀疑的。

 

希伯来书28-9

 

翻译本对待希伯来书 29节的方式上,大致统一。NET 有代表性,说∶“靠著上帝的恩典,他为每个人去经历死亡。by God’s grace he would experience death on behalf of everyone.)埃尔曼建议靠著上帝的恩典”——χ ριτι θεου'——是后来的;相反,他认为和上帝分开,或 χωρ   θεο ,才是作者最初写的。只有三份希腊手稿是这样子的,都是 10 世纪或更晚的。然而,“抄本1739”(Codex 1739)就是其中之一,它是一份不错的早期一份手稿的副本。几位教父、一本通俗手抄本和一些“别西大译本”(Peshitta) 的副本,都讨论过χωρ   θεο [和上帝分开]的问题。36  许多学者会毫不费力地驳回这些微不足道的证据。如果他们不烦去考虑内部证据,那是因为即使这手稿的谱系很差,χωρ   θεο  读起来比较困难,因此可能需要一些解释,而抄写员倾向于使措辞平顺。同样,几个教父引用,也需要解释。但是,如果文字是无意中被改变的,那么“文字比较难阅读”的理论就无效了。最难的阅读应该是无意义的文字,不是故意制造的。虽然 χωρ   显然是比较难读,37  它可以解释为意外的改变。这很可能是由于抄写失误38 其中一个粗心的抄写员将 χωρ   χ ριτι 混淆,或作书页边缘的注释,文士想,哥林多前1527节,就像希伯来书 28节 一样,引用诗篇第 86节,提到上帝让万物服从基督。39

 

现在我们不深入探讨埃尔曼辩护 χωρ  的细节,只想注意四件事。首先,他假设他的观点绝对正确,是夸大了他的例子。在他的《正统讹文》(Orthodox Corruption of Bible)中对这段经文进行了三页讨论后,他宣布了判决∶ “尽管有外在证据,但希伯来书 29节最初肯定是说耶稣和上帝分开而死。40  他仍然以非黑即白的方式看待事物。其次,埃尔曼的文本批判性观点正危险地接近严格的折衷主义(eclecticism)。41  外部资料对他来说,似乎越来越没有意义,因为他似乎看到文本中的神学思想被腐化。第三,尽管他对自己的判决有把握,但他的导师布鲁斯·梅茨格却不确定。《正统讹文》出版一年后,梅茨格的第二版《文本注释》(Textual Commentary )出现了。联合圣经公会(UBS United bible Society)委员会仍然支持 χ ριτι θεο  ,但这次将他们的信念升级“A”级。42最后,即使假设 χωρ   θεο  是这里的正确文字,埃尔曼也没有证明这个差异,影响整本新约43  他争辩说,证据较少的读法,更符合希伯来书的神学。44 他补充说,作者反复强调耶稣死时,完全是人性的、羞耻的死、使他完全脱离了他本来的领域,即上帝的领域。结果,他的牺牲被接受为对罪的完美赎罪。而且,上帝没有干预他的痛苦,也没有采取任何措施来减轻他的痛苦。耶稣死时与上帝分开45  如果这是贯穿希伯来书的耶稣的观点,那么埃尔曼在29节中采用的文本差异,如何改变这看法?在他的《正统讹文》中,埃尔曼说: 希伯来书 57节说到耶稣,在死亡面前,大声哭泣和流泪恳求上帝。46  但是,这段经文是否说面对死亡的耶稣,这一点并不清楚(埃尔曼也没有为这种观点辩护)。[译按,和合本作:“基督在肉体的时候”。]此外,以此为基础(尽管他从未确定这一点),他在《错引耶稣》结论一章中问: “[耶稣]在死亡面前完全心烦意乱吗?47  他在《正统讹文》中更进一步。我无法理解埃尔曼如何声称希伯来书的作者似乎知道耶稣在面对死亡时害怕痛苦的传统讲法48 除非是将三个见解连接起来,所有这些见解都是可疑的——即,希伯来书 29节中的 χωρ   θεο ;认为 57节主要是指基督的死,他的祈祷主要是为他自己;49 然后对于那里的大声叫喊声,反映了他的惊恐状态。埃尔曼似乎是将他的假设,连接在一起,以建立他的案例。这样的基础,充其量,非常糟糕。

 

马可福音一章41

 

在马可福音的第一章,一个麻风病人走向耶稣,请求他的医治「你若肯,必能叫我洁净了。」(可1:40)根据“呢士徒-阿蓝”(Nestle-Aland,一本希腊文新约圣经),耶稣的回应如下∶κα … σπλαγχνισθει…Vς  κτείνας τ  χε α α ο   ατο κα … λέγει α  Ç  θέλω, καθαρίσθητι (“and moved with compassion, he stretched out [his] hand and touched him and said to him, ‘I am willing; be cleansed”). (译按:和合本作:就动了慈心,伸手摸他,说∶“我愿意; 洁净吧。”)一些见证50 作 ργισθε  (变得愤怒),而不是 σπλαγχνισθει…v 因同情而感动)。耶稣医治的动机,显然悬而未决。即使 UBS σπλαγχνισθει...v  一个 B 级评级,越来越多的解经家开始维护  ργισθε   的真实性。在 2003 年为霍桑(Gerald Hawthorne)写的 《纪念专集》(Festschrift) 中,埃尔曼为其真实性提出了令人印象深刻的论据。51  之前四年,马克·普罗克特 (Mark Proctor) 撰写的博士论文,为 ojrgisqeivV 辩护。52  TNIV也采取了这文字, NET 也认真对待它。我们不会花时间考虑这里的论点。我现在倾向于认为它很可能是原本的。无论哪种方式,为了论证,假设愤怒的阅读是真实的,这告诉我们关于耶稣的什么?是我们以前不知道的?

 

埃尔曼建议,如果马可最初在这段经文中写到耶稣的愤怒,它会显著改变我们对马可中的耶稣的看法。事实上,这个文本问题是他在第 5 章(有重要性的原文)中的主要例子。这一章的中心论点是某些差异会影响对新约整卷书的解释53  总的来说,这说法是夸张的,尤其是马可福音。在马可福音 35节中,据说耶稣很生气——这是马可原文中无可争议的措辞,而且在马可福音 1014节中,他对他的门徒感到恼怒。

 

埃尔曼当然知道这一点。事实上,他在霍桑《纪念专集》中含蓄地争辩说,耶稣在马可福音 141节中的愤怒,完全符合马可在别处描绘的耶稣的画面。例如,他说∶“马可形容耶稣很生气,至少在这里,文士觉得是冒犯。这不足为奇。 除了更全面地理解马可的描绘之外,耶稣的愤怒是难以理解的。54  埃尔曼甚至阐述了他认为贯穿马可福音的基本原则∶”当有人质疑他的权威或医治能力,或他是否愿意医治的时候,耶稣会生气。 55  现在,为了论证起见,让我们假设,不仅埃尔曼的文本重构是正确的,而且他对马可福音 141节中  ργισθε   的解释是正确的——不仅在这段经文中,而且在马可对耶稣的整个陈述中也是如此。56  如果是这样,那么 141节中的愤怒耶稣,如何影响对整本新约圣经的解释?根据埃尔曼自己的解释, ργισθε   只会加强我们在这本福音书中看到的耶稣形象,使其与其他讲述他愤怒的文本完全一致。如果这个解释就是埃尔曼在第五章的“展示 A”,它会严重适得其反,因为它几乎没有,或根本没有,改变马可所描绘的耶稣的整体形象。这是另一个例子,在这个例子中,埃尔曼的神学结论比证据表明的更具挑衅性。

 

马太福音2436

 

在橄榄山讲道中,耶稣谈到了他自己再来的时间。引人注目的是,他承认他不知道那会是什么时候。在马太福音2436节的大多数现代翻译中,文本基本上是这样说的: 但至于那一天和那一刻,没有人知道——无论是天上的天使,还是圣子——除了父之外。(译按:和合本作“但那日子,那时辰,没有人知道,连天上的使者也不知道,子也不知道,惟独父知道。”。)然而,许多手稿,包括一些早期和重要的手稿,都没有 ο δ    υ   子也不知道是否真实,存在争议。57 尽管如此,埃尔曼再次自信地谈到了这个问题。58 然而,这个文本差异对于《错引耶稣》的论点的重要性是难以评估的。埃尔曼在他的结论中提到了马太 2436节,显然是为了强调他的论点,即文本差异改变了基本教义。59  他对这段话的初步讨论,当然也给人留下了这印象。60  但如果他不是这个意思,那么他的写作就是莫需有地具挑衅性,误导了他的读者。如果他确实是认真的,他就夸大了他的案子。

 

平行经文,马可福音 1332节中的措辞,没有人争论——但至于那一天或那一刻,除了父之外,没有人知道——天上的天使和子都不知道。61 因此,毫无疑问,耶稣在橄榄山讲道中谈到了他不知道这预言。有什么教义问题因如而处于危险之中?人们根本不能认为马太福音 2436节中的措辞,能改变人对耶稣的基本神学信念,因为在马可福音有同样的观点。埃尔曼在《错引耶稣》书中,没有一次提到马可福音 1332节,即使他清楚地讨论马太福音 2436节 至少六次,似乎其文字影响了我们对耶稣的基本理解。62 但是这个措辞会改变我们对马太福音对耶稣的看法的基本理解吗?即使马太福音这例子,也没有影响。即使马太 2436 节最初没有子也不知道,但只有父  μ    πατ ρ μ νο ) 拥有这种知识的事实,当然暗示了子不知道(而单独这字仅在马太 2436节中找到,而不在马可福音 1332节)。再次,这个重要的细节在《错引耶稣》中没有提到,甚至在《正统讹文》中也没有提到。

 

约翰福音118

 

在约翰福音 118b 中,埃尔曼认为,应该是儿子,而不是上帝,才是对的。但他超过了证据,指出如果上帝是原本的,这节经文就会称耶稣为独特(独生)的上帝the unique God)。用埃尔曼的话来说,这种翻译的问题在于唯一的上帝一词,必须指父,神自己——否则他就不是唯一的。但如果这个词是指父,怎么能用在子上呢?63  埃尔曼对此的复杂语法论证,在《错引耶稣》中找不到,但在他的《正统讹文》有详细说明

 

对于那些选择 [ ] μονογεν   θε   的人来说,这是更常见的权宜之计,但他们认识到在约翰福音的背景下,几乎不可能将其渲染为独特的上帝,是从名词理解形容词,并将约翰福音 118 节的整个后半部分解释为一系列同位词,所以与其解释为在父怀里的独一的神,这段经文应该译为独一无二的,也是神,在父怀里的。这样的建议有吸引人的地方。它解释了这文本对约翰的读者意味著什么,于是接受了一般优越的文本所见证的。尽管如此,解决方案是完全不可信的。

 

…… 的确,μονογεν   可以在其他地方用作名词(唯一的,如第 14 节); 所有形容词都可以。但这种观点的支持者没有考虑到,当它后面紧跟一个名词,而这名词在性别、数目和格上,与其一致,它永远不会以这种方式使用。确实,这里必须强调句法要点据我所知,

 

结果是,将 μονογεν   θε   一词作为两个并列的名词,会导致几乎不可能的句法,而将它们的关系解释为形容词 - 名词会产生不可能的意义。64

 

埃尔曼论点的假设是, μονογεν   通常不能用作名词,即使它在第 14 节中如此使用——正如他承认的那样。对他的论点,我们可以有许多批评,但其中最主要的是他对语法情况的绝对化是不正确的。我们在这里接受他的挑战(没有人在这段经文之外,引用过任何类似的情况。)确实有这样的例子,其中一个形容词与具有相同语法和谐的名词并列,但不是作为形容词用,而是作为名词用。65

 

 约翰福音670节:κα      ε  διάβολός τινδι βολο  在这里是名词,尽管它是一个形容词。而代词形容词(pronominal adjective ε   ,是与谓语主格(predicate nominative δι βολο  相关的主语。

 

罗马书 130节:καταλάλους θεοστυγε  ριστ   ερηφάνους αζόνας, ευρετ  κακ ,γονε ιν  ειθε  (“谗毁的,憎恨神,侮慢,狂傲,自负,捏造恶事的,违背父母——斜体字乃真形容词)。

 

加拉太书39节:τ πιστ   ΑβραάμNASB 所说的“与信徒亚伯拉罕一同” [with Abraham, the believer]; NRSV 有“相信的亚伯拉罕” [Abraham who believed]; NIV 有“有信心之人,亚伯拉罕” [Abraham, the man of faith])《和合本》作:“和有信心的亚伯拉罕一同”)。不管它如何翻译,这里有一个形容词,夹在冠词和名词之间,与名词并置,作为名词用。

 

以弗所书220节: τος ρογωνιαίουα ο Χριστο   Ιησο  (“基督耶稣自己为房角石”):虽然  κρογωνια ο  是一个形容词,但它似乎在这里发挥了名词的作用(虽然它可能是一个述语形容词[predicate adjective],我猜想,是一个述语属格[predicate genitive])。将此列为形容词; LN 将其列为名词。因此,它的发展可能类似于 μονογεν  

 

提摩太前书19节: δικαί  νόμος ο  κε αι, όμοις δ  κα   υποτάκτοις, εβέσι κα   αρτωλο , οσίοιςκα βεβ οις,πατρολ ιςκα μητρολ ις, δροφόνοις (因为律法不是为义人设立的,乃是为不法不服的,不虔诚犯罪的,不圣洁恋世俗的,弑父母和杀人的,[斜体是形容词]):这段文字清楚地表明,埃尔曼夸大了他的情况,因为 βεβ λοι  并没有修改了 πατρολ αι ,而是名词,就像前面的五个描述性术语一样。

 

彼得前书11节: λεκτο  παρεπιδ οις(“被拣选的,寄居的”):这段文字有不同的解释,但我们的观点很简单,它可以适合约翰福音 118节的任一方案。 “ 埃尔曼所说:“没有人在这篇文章之外,引用过任何类似的东西。”但它正是这样的文字。

 

彼得后书25节: είσατο  λ  δοον Ν δικαιοσύνηςκ υκα (神也没有宽容上古的世代,……却保护了传义道的挪亚一家八口。)。形容词第八与诺亚并列; 否则,如果它形容诺亚,那么将是第八个诺亚,就像还有其他七个诺亚一样!66

 

根据这些例子(这只是新约中的一些例子),因此,我们可以直接回答埃尔曼提出的问题∶ “当一个形容词紧接在变化相同的名词之前时,它什么时候被用为名词?他的评论:没有希腊文读者会把这样的结构解释为一连串的名词,也没有希腊作者会创造这样的不一致,完全没有证据证明。我们只看了 新约的样本。如果新约作者有这样的表达方式,这是一个内部证据,反对 μονογεν   θε   [独特的儿子,或作独生子]的解释,就显得没有分量了。

 

现在问题是:是否有足够的上下文线索表明 μονογεν   实际上用作名词。埃尔曼已经提供了二者∶ (1) 在约翰福音中,很难想像在 118节中,“道”可以成为独一的神(在这例子中,只有他,而不是父神,才声称拥有神圣的地位),只是在福音的其余部分,屡次删除了这地位。

 

: 因此,假设 μονογεν   θε   是真的,我们实际上几乎马上认为,埃尔曼认为在语法上不可信的,但在上下文中是必要的∶ “独特的,神自己……” (2) μονογεν   已经在  14 节中用作名词 , 67  它在四节之后重复地被用为名词,这最有力的上下文论证。埃尔曼承认,这个形容词可以作为名词使用,并且在第 14 节中如此使用,之后,他进行了语法论证,其与 14 节的关连。他正是放下武器投降,或为自己盖了棺材盖(选择您的表达方式)。但是,如果语法论证不能解决问题,那么第 14 节中 μονογεν   的作为名词使用,应该作为一个重要的上下文线索。事实上,鉴于圣经希腊语中的经常习惯用法,因为 μονογεν   118节中暗示儿子的身份,我们几乎可以预期它被大量使用为名词。

 

现在,因为我们在这里唯一关心的是,如果 μονογεν   θε   是原本的,与其争论它的真实性,那么似乎有足够的证据,证明独一无二的上帝,他自己适合作为文字的解释。内证和外证都站在它这边; 唯一阻止我们接受这差异的,是将其解释为形态文字。68  但根据我们已经显示的文法假设,这观点的基础没有份量。总之,μονογεν   υ    μονογεν   θε   都可以符合正统观念; 如果人们选择一种,而不是另一种,也不会叫神学摇动。尽管埃尔曼在这里的论点(例如 HCSB)已经说服了一些现代翻译,但该论点仍然不是没有破绽。当仔细检查任一形式的差异,两者都被视为在正统教学的范围内。

 

我只想说,如果上帝在这里是正确的文字,那么几乎没有必要将这个短语翻译为独一无二的上帝,好像这可能暗示只有耶稣是上帝。相反,NET 的翻译(另见 NIV NRSV),约翰 118 节为: “ 没有人见过上帝。 唯一的一位,神自己,与父有最亲密相交的神,他使神为人所知。”

 

换句话说,认为新约手稿中的差异改变了新约神学的想法,充其量是夸大其词。69 不幸的是,像埃尔曼这样谨慎的学者,当他认为新约文本导至重大神学变化,往往可以有以下两种批评要么他的文本决定是错误的,要么他的解释是错误的。这些批评是针对他早期的著作《正统讹文》作出的,《错引耶稣》广泛引用了该著作。例如,戈登· (Gordon Fee) 谈到这项工作时说 不幸的是,埃尔曼经常将单纯的可能性变成概率,将概率变成确定性,于是成为经文讹误的合理原因。70 然而,埃尔曼在《正统讹文》中提出的结论仍然在《错引耶稣》中提供,而没有面对起初对他的工作的一些严厉批评。71  对于一本为非专业读者而写的书,人们会认为他希望他的讨论更加细致入微,尤其是当他说,很多神学思想都因此在危险中。人们几乎给人的印象是他在鼓动基督教团体中的“四眼天鸡”(Chicken Littles[d],对他们根本没有准备好应对的数据,感到恐慌。.一次又一次,书中提出强烈声明,让未经训练的人根本无法筛选。这种方法更像是一种危言耸听的心态,而不是成熟的大师级老师所能提供的。关于证据,可以说,还未有改变新约核心教义的重要文本差异,就足够了。

 

然而,埃尔曼显然认为已经有这样的差异。在讨论韦特斯坦对新约文本的看法时,埃尔曼指出 “韦特斯坦开始认真思考他自己的神学信念,并理解到新约很少(若曾有)真正称耶稣为上帝的问题。”72  值得注意的是,埃尔曼似乎不仅将这个结论表述为韦特斯坦的,而且也是他自己的。在某种程度上,韦特斯坦正在转向“鉴定原文”,并远离翻译本,他反对基督神性的论点是没有根据的,因为在希腊语的鉴定原文中,比在 翻译本中。更能清楚地看到基督的神性。73  尽管埃尔曼没有讨论他认为是伪造的大部分段落,但他在《正统讹文》(尤其是 264-73)中这样做了。但讨论并不充实,而且有矛盾。简而言之,他没有证实他的话。基督的神性,不受任何可能合理的文本差异所干扰。

 

约翰壹书57-8

 

最后,关于约翰壹书 57-8节,几乎没有现代圣经译本包括三位一体公式,因为几个世纪以来的学者们都承认它是后来添加的。只有少数很晚期的手稿有这节经文。有人想知道为什么埃尔曼的书讨论了这段话。唯一的原因似乎是想要引起怀疑。这段经文在政治压力下进入我们的圣经,第一次出现是在 1522 年,尽管当时和现在的学者都知道它不是真实的。早期教会没有这段文字,但公元 381 年的君士坦丁堡会议明确肯定了三位一体!如果有一千年都不在希腊新约文本里,他们怎么能做到这一点?君士坦丁堡的声明不是凭空写出来的早期教会把他们从新约读学到的,变成一个神学公式。

 

这里需要区分仅仅因为某节经文没有肯定所珍视的教义,并不意味著在新约中找不到该教义。在这种情况下,任何人若了解教父们关于三位一体的良好辩论,都知道,早期教会是通过检查新约中的资料得出的。在约翰壹书 57 节的后期手稿中发现的三位一体公式,只是总结了他们的发现; 它没有告诉他们怎样声明。

 

结论

 

总而言之,埃尔曼的最新著作在挑衅的规模上,并没有让人失望。可惜他的主要论点,缺乏真正的实质内容。请让我在这里反思两个牧养教会的论点。

 

首先,我恳请所有圣经学者认真对待他们照顾上帝子民的责任。学者们肩负著神圣的责任,不让平信徒读者对他们几乎不了解的问题感到震惊。事实上,即使是不明事的教师也负有这一责任。不幸的是,普通平信徒会因为读了《错引耶稣》,对新约的措词和教导产生怀疑,会比任何文本批判者所预料到的更甚。一个好老师不会吝啬告诉他的学生什么是什么,但他也知道如何包装材料,这样他们就不会让情感妨碍理性。讽刺的是,《错引耶稣》本应是关于理性和证据的,但它已经造成了与《达文西密码》(The Da Vinci Code)一样多的恐慌和不安。这真的是埃尔曼想要的教学效果吗?我不得不假设,他知道他会从这本书中得到什么样的反应,因为他在采访中根本没有改变书中给人的这印象。挑衅,即使冒著被误解的风险,对他来说似乎比诚实更重要。但好老师不会制造《四眼天鸡》。74

 

其次,我每年都告诉我的学生,他们必须追求真理,而不是为他们的预设护航。他们需要把教义分类,将核心信念与外围信念区分开来。当他们将“圣经无误”和“逐字默示”等更外围的教义置于核心位置时,然后,当对这些教义的信仰开始消退时,就会产生骨牌效应一个倒下,其他都倒下。我震惊的是,这就是发生在巴特·埃尔曼身上的事情。他在《错引耶稣》中的证词,将无误性作为他研究的主要推动力。但是当他在普林斯顿的一位保守派教授写在学期论文,一句油嘴滑舌的评论,大意说,也许圣经不是无误的,埃尔曼的信仰开始崩溃。一个多米诺骨牌撞上另一个,直到他最终成为一个相当快乐的不可知论者。我可能对埃尔曼的灵性旅程有误解,但我认识太多朝这个方向走的学生。讽刺的是,那些研究文本批判的人,以圣经学为前提,经常讲到一个滑坡,就是说,所有神学信念都与无误有相关。他们的观点是,如果无误不成立,其他一切都会开始腐蚀。我宁愿这样讲,如果无误性被提升到主要教义的地位,那就是当一个人走上滑坡的时候。但如果学生将教义视为同心圆,主要教义占据中心,当外围的教义受到挑战,不会对核心产生重大影响。换句话说,直到我们学会更加细致地表达我们的信仰承诺,直到我们学会把基督看作我们生活的中心,把圣经看作是指向他的,福音派团体将继续产生自由派学者。如果我们的出发点是一个命题的真理,就是关于圣经本质,而不是亲自接受耶稣基督为我们的主和君王,我们会在那个滑坡上,我们会带走很多人。

 

我为一个自己熟识的人所发生的事情,感到悲痛。这个人我认识并敬佩——并继续敬佩——超过四分之一个世纪。发表这篇评论并不让我快乐。但从我的立场看,即使埃尔曼站在神学光谱的另一边,他作为基要主义者的黑白心态,似乎几乎没有受到影响,因为他在生活和学习的岁月和磨难中苦苦挣扎。他仍然看事情没有足够的细微差别,他夸大了自己的案例,并且根深蒂固地认为自己的观点是正确的。埃尔曼是我所知道的最杰出、最有创意的文本批判家之一,然而他的偏见是如此强烈,以至有时他甚至无法自知。75  就在《错引耶稣》出现前几个月,梅茨格的《新约经文》第四版出版了。前三个版次完全由梅茨格撰写,标题为《新约经文它的传播、腐败和恢复》(The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration)。现在与埃尔曼合著的第四版,使这样的标题看起来几乎是虚伪的。《错引耶稣》的读者可能会认为梅茨格第四版的副标题,应该简单地称为《流传和讹误》。76

 

 

 

================================  


1 Thanks are due to Darrell L. Bock, Buist M. Fanning, Michael W. Holmes, W. Hall Harris, and William F. Warren for looking at a preliminary draft of this article and offering their input.

2 San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 2005.

3 Neely Tucker, “The Book of Bart: In the Bestseller ‘Misquoting Jesus,’ Agnostic Author Bart Ehrman Picks Apart the Gospels That Made a Disbeliever Out of Him,” Washington Post, March 5, 2006. Accessed at http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/03/04/AR2006030401369.html.

4 Tucker, “The Book of Bart.”

5 Misquoting, 15.

6 See especially 59-60.

7 Bruce M. Metzger and Bart D. Ehrman, The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration (Oxford: OUP, 2005).

8 Metzger-Ehrman, Text, 158 (italics added). This stands in direct contradiction to Ehrman’s assessment in his conclusion (207), quoted above.

9 Quotation from Ehrman, Misquoting, 112.

10 Ibid., 114.

11 See Misquoting, 1-15, where Ehrman chronicles his own spiritual journey.

12 In chapter 5, “Originals that Matter,” Ehrman discusses the method of textual criticism. Here he devotes about three pages to external evidence (128-31), but does not mention any individual manuscripts.

13 Misquoting, 90. This is a favorite statement of his, for it shows up in his interviews, both in print and on the radio.

14 Misquoting, 89.

15 For a discussion of the nature of the textual variants, see J. Ed Komoszewski, M. James Sawyer, Daniel B. Wallace, Reinventing Jesus: What The Da Vinci Code and Other Novel Speculations Don’t Tell You (Grand Rapids: Kregel, May 2006). The book is due out in June 2006. The section that addresses textual criticism, comprising five chapters, is called “Politically Corrupt? The Tainting of Ancient New Testament Texts.”

16 “When I talk about the hundreds and thousands of differences, it’s true that a lot are insignificant. But it’s also true that a lot are highly significant for interpreting the Bible” (Ehrman in an interview with Jeri Krentz, Charlotte Observer, December 17, 2005 [accessed at http://www.charlotte.com/mld/observer/living/religion/13428511.htm]). In the same interview, when asked, “If we don’t have the original texts of the New Testament—or even copies of the copies of the copies of the originals—what do we have?” Ehrman responded, “We have copies that were made hundreds of years later—in most cases, many hundreds of years later. And these copies are all different from one another.” On The Diane Rehm Show (National Public Radio), December 8, 2005, Ehrman said, “There are more differences in our manuscripts than there are words in the NT.”

17 Note the following: “our manuscripts are…full of mistakes” (57); “Not only do we not have the originals, we don’t have the first copies of the originals. We don’t even have copies of the copies of the originals, or copies of the copies of the copies of the originals. What we have are copies made later—much later…And these copies all differ from one another, in many thousands of places… these copies differ from one another in so many places that we don’t even known how many differences there are” (10); “Mistakes multiply and get repeated; sometimes they get corrected and sometimes they get compounded. And so it goes. For centuries” (57); “We could go on nearly forever talking about specific places in which the texts of the New Testament came to be changed, either accidentally or intentionally. As I have indicated, the examples are not just in the hundreds but in the thousands” (98); in discussing John Mill’s textual apparatus of 1707, Ehrman declares, “To the shock and dismay of many of his readers, Mill’s apparatus isolated some thirty thousand places of variation among the surviving witnesses… Mill was not exhaustive in his presentation of the data he had collected. He had, in fact, found far more than thirty thousands places of variation” (84); “Scholars differ significantly in their estimates—some say there are 200,000 variants known, some say 300,000, some say 400,000 or more! We do not know for sure because, despite impressive developments in computer technology, no one has yet been able to count them all” (89); he concludes his discussion of Mark 16.9-20 and John 7.53-8.11, the two longest textual problems of the NT by far, by saying that these two texts “represent just two out of thousands of places in which the manuscripts of the New Testament came to be changed by scribes” (68). To say that these two textual problems are representative of other textual problems is a gross overstatement: the next largest viable omission/addition problem involves just two verses. Ehrman does add that “Although most of the changes are not of this magnitude, there are lots of significant changes (and lots more insignificant ones)…” (69). Yet even that is a bit misleading. By “most of the changes” Ehrman means all other changes.

18 E.g., he opens chapter 7 with these words: “It is probably safe to say that the copying of early Christians texts was by and large a ‘conservative’ process. The scribes…were intent on ‘conserving’ the textual tradition they were passing on. Their ultimate concern was not to modify the tradition, but to preserve it for themselves and for those who would follow them. Most scribes, no doubt, tried to do a faithful job in making sure that the text they reproduced was the same text they inherited” (177). “It would be a mistake…to assume that the only changes being made were by copyists with a personal stake in the wording of the text. In fact, most of the changes found in our early Christian manuscripts have nothing to do with theology or ideology. Far and and away the [sic] most changes are the result of mistakes, pure and simple—slips of the pen, accidental omissions, inadvertent additions, misspelled words, blunders of one sort or another” (55). “To be sure, of all the hundreds of thousands of changes found among the manuscripts, most of them are completely insignificant…” (207). Such concessions seem to be wrung out of him, for these facts are contrary to his agenda. In this instance, he immediately adds that “It would be wrong, however, to say—as people sometimes do—that the changes in our text have no real bearing on what the texts mean or on the theological conclusions that one draws from them” (207-8). And he prefaces his concession by the bold statement that “The more I studied the manuscript tradition of the New Testament, the more I realized just how radically the text had been altered over the years at the hands of scribes…” (207). But this is another claim without sufficient nuancing. Yes, scribes have changed the text, but the vast majority of changes are insignificant. And the vast majority of the rest are easily detectable. One almost gets the sense that it is the honest scholar in Ehrman who is adding these concessions, and the theological liberal in Ehrman who keeps the concessions at a minimum.

19 This illustration is taken from Daniel B. Wallace, “Laying a Foundation: New Testament Textual Criticism,” in Interpreting the New Testament Text: Introduction to the Art and Science of Exegesis (a Festschrift for Harold W. Hoehner), ed. Darrell L. Bock and Buist M. Fanning (Wheaton, IL: Crossway, [forthcoming: 2006]).

One more item could be mentioned about Ehrman’s lacunae on the manuscripts. Ehrman seems to be gradually moving toward an internal priority view. He argues for several readings that are hanging onto external evidence by a bare thread. This seems strange because just months before Misquoting Jesus appeared, the fourth edition of Bruce Metzger’s Text of the New Testament was published, co-authored this time by Bart Ehrman. Yet in that book, both authors speak more highly of the external evidence than Ehrman does in Misquoting Jesus.

20 Misquoting, 7.

21 Ibid., 9. For a treatment of the problem in Mark 2.26, see Daniel B. Wallace, “Mark 2.26 and the Problem of Abiathar,” ETS SW regional meeting, March 13, 2004, available at http://www.bible.org/page.asp?page_id=3839.

22 Ibid.

23 Ibid., 11.

24 Ibid., 13 (italics added).

25 The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture: The Effect of Early Christological Controversies on the Text of the New Testament (Oxford: OUP, 1993).

26 Ibid., 208.

27 281, n. 5 (to ch. 8), “Is What We Have Now What They Wrote Then?” in Reinventing Jesus is here duplicated: “There are two places in the New Testament where conjecture has perhaps been needed. In Acts 16.12 the standard critical Greek text gives a reading that is not found in any Greek manuscripts. But even here, some members of the UBS committee rejected the conjecture, arguing that certain manuscripts had the original reading. The difference between the two readings is only one letter. (See discussion in Bruce M. Metzger, A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament, 2d ed. [Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 1994], 393–95; NET Bible “tc” note on Acts 16.12.) Also, in Revelation 21.17 the standard Greek text follows a conjecture that Westcott and Hort originally put forth, though the textual problem is not listed in either the UBS text or the Nestle-Aland text. This conjecture is a mere spelling variant that changes no meaning in the text.”

28 For a discussion of this issue, see Daniel B. Wallace, “Inerrancy and the Text of the New Testament: Assessing the Logic of the Agnostic View,” posted in January 2006 on http://www.4truth.net/site/apps/nl/content3.asp?c=hiKXLbPNLrF&b=784441&ct=1799301.

29 Misquoting, 208.

30 See Hermann L. Strack, Introduction to the Talmud and Midrash (Atheneum, NY: Temple, 1978) 94, 96 for this hermeneutical principle known as Kal Wa-homer.

31 An accessible discussion of the textual problem in these three passages can be found in the footnotes of the NET Bible on these texts.

32 Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Edition DeLuxe, six volumes (Philadelphia: John D. Morris, [1900]) 3.703–5.

33 James Bentley, Secrets of Mount Sinai: The Story of the Codex Sinaiticus (London: Orbis, 1985) 29.

34 See Bart D. Ehrman, “Jesus and the Adulteress,” NTS 34 (1988) 24-44.

35 Because of this need, Reinventing Jesus was written. Although written on a popular level, it is backed with serious scholarship.

36 Ehrman says the reading “occurs in only two documents of the tenth century” (Misquoting Jesus, 145), by which he means only two Greek documents, 0243 (0121b) and 1739txt. These manuscripts are closely related and probably represent a common archetype. It is also found in 424cvid (thus, apparently a later correction in an eleventh century minuscule) as well as vgms syrpmss Origengr (vr), lat MSSaccording to Origen Theodore Nestorians according to Ps-Oecumenius Theodoret 1/2; lem Ambrose MSSaccording to Jerome Vigilius Fulgentius. Ehrman does note some of the patristic evidence, underscoring an important argument, viz., “Origen tells us that this was the reading of the majority of manuscripts in his own day” (ibid.).

37 This, however, is not necessarily the case. An argument could be made that χάριτι θεο  is the harder reading, since the cry of dereliction from the cross, in which Jesus quoted Ps 22.1, may be reflected in the χωρ  θεο  reading, while dying “by the grace of God” is not as clear.

38 So Metzger, Textual Commentary2, 595. In uncial script: caritiqu vs. cwrisqu.

39 Ibid. For similar arguments, see F. F. Bruce, The Epistle to the Hebrews, rev ed, NICNT (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1990) 70–71, n. 15. The point of the marginal gloss is that in Heb 2.8 the author quotes Ps 8.6, adding that “in the subjecting of all things to him, he left nothing outside of his control.” In 1 Cor 15.27, which also quotes Ps 8.6, Paul adds the qualifier that God was excluded from the ‘all things’ that were subjected to Christ. Metzger argues that the gloss was most likely added by a scribe “to explain that ‘everything in ver. 8 does not include God; this gloss, being erroneously regarded by a later transcriber as a correction of χάριτι θεο , was introduced into the text of ver. 9” (Textual Commentary, 595). For the better treatments of this problem in the exegetical literature, see Hans-Friedrich Weiss, Der Brief an die Hebräer in MeyerK (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1991) 200–2; Bruce, Hebrews, 70–71.

Ehrman says that such is quite unlikely because of the location of the χωρίς reading in v 9 rather than as an additional note in v 8 where it belongs. But the fact that such an explanation presupposes a single errant ancestor for the few witnesses that have it is hardly a stretch. Stranger things have happened among the manuscripts. Ehrman adds that χωρίς is the less usual term in the NT, and thus scribes would tend toward the more usual, χάριτι. But in Hebrews χωρίς is almost twice as frequent as χάρις, as Ehrman notes (Orthodox Corruption), 148. Further, although it is certainly true that scribes “typically confuse unusual words for common ones” (ibid., 147), there is absolutely nothing unusual about χωρίς. It occurs 41 times in the NT, thirteen of which are in Hebrews. This brings us back to the canon of the harder reading. Ehrman argues that χωρίς is indeed the harder reading here, but in Metzger-Ehrman, Text, he (and Metzger) says, “Obviously, the category ‘more difficult reading’ is relative, and a point is sometimes reached when a reading must be judged to be so difficult that it can have arisen only by accident in transcription” (303). Many scholars, including Metzger, would say that that point was reached in Heb 2.9.

40 Orthodox Corruption, 149 (italics added).

41 By this, I do not mean merely his adoption of χωρ  θεο  here. (After all, Günther Zuntz, highly regarded as a brilliant and sober-minded reasoned eclectic, also considered χωρ  θεο  as authentic [The Text of the Epistles: A Disquisition upon the Corpus Paulinum [Schweich Lectures, 1946; London: OUP, 1953) 34–35].) Rather, I am referring to Ehrman’s overall agenda of exploiting the apparatus for orthodox corruptions, regardless of the evidence for alternative readings. With this agenda, Ehrman seems driven to argue for certain readings that have little external support.

42 The preface to this edition was written on September 30, 1993. Metzger is acknowledged in Orthodox Corruption as having ‘read parts of the manuscript’ (vii), a book completed in February 1993 (ibid., viii). If Metzger read the section on Heb 2.9, he still disagreed strongly with Ehrman. Alternatively he was not shown this portion of the manuscript. If the latter, one has to wonder why Ehrman would not want to get Metzger’s input since he already knew, from the first edition of Textual Commentary, that Metzger did not see the cwrivV reading as likely (there it is given a ‘B’ rating).

43 Misquoting, 132 (italics added).

44 Orthodox Corruption, 148.

45 Ibid., 149.

46 Ibid.

47 Misquoting Jesus, 208.

48 Orthodox Corruption, 144 (italics added).

49 The context of Heb 5, however, speaks of Christ as high priest; v 6 sets the stage by linking Christ’s priesthood to that of Melchizedek; v 7 connects his prayers with “the days of his flesh,” not just with his passion. It is thus not unreasonable to see his prayers as prayers for his people. All this suggests that more than the passion is in view in Heb 5.7. The one datum in this text that may connect the prayers with the passion is that the one to whom Christ prayed was “able to save him from death.” But if the prayers are restricted to Christ’s ordeal on the cross, then the χωρίς reading in Heb 2.9 seems to be refuted, for in 5.7 the Lord “was heard [ε ακουσθει…vς] because of his devotion.” How could he be heard if he died apart from God? The interpretive issues in Heb 5.7 are somewhat complex, yielding no facile answers. See William L. Lane, Hebrews 1–8, WBC (Dallas: Word, 1991) 119–20.

50 D ita d ff2 r1 Diatessaron.

51 Bart D. Ehrman, “A Leper in the Hands of an Angry Jesus,” in New Testament Greek and Exegesis: Essays in Honor of Gerald F. Hawthorne (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2003) 77–98.

52 Mark A. Proctor, “The ‘Western’ Text of Mark 1:41: A Case for the Angry Jesus” (Ph.D. diss., Baylor University, 1999). Even though Ehrman’s article appeared four years after Proctor’s dissertation, Ehrman did not mention Proctor’s work.

53 Misquoting, 132 (italics added).

54 Ehrman, “A Leper in the Hands of an Angry Jesus,” 95.

55 Ibid., 94. See also 87: “Jesus gets angry on several occasions in Mark’s Gospel; what is most interesting to note is that each account involves Jesus’ ability to perform miraculous deeds of healing.”

56 There are a few weak links in his overall argument, however. First, he does not make out the best case that every instance in which Jesus is angry is in a healing account. Is the pericope about Jesus laying hands on children really a healing story (10.13-16)? It is unclear what disease these children are being ‘healed’ of. His suggestion that the laying on of hands indicates healing or at least the transmission of divine power here is lame (“A Leper in the Hands of an Angry Jesus,” 88). Further, it proves too much, for 10.16 says that Jesus “took the children in his arms and placed his hands on them and blessed them.” To not see a compassionate and gentle Jesus in such a text is almost incomprehensible. So, if this is a healing narrative, it also implies Jesus’ compassion in the very act of healing—a motive that Ehrman says never occurs in healing narratives in Mark.

Second, he claims that Jesus’ healing of Peter’s mother-in-law in Mark 1.30-31 is not a compassionate act: “More than one wry observer has noted…that after he does so she gets up to feed them supper” (ibid., 91, n. 16). But surely Ehrman’s statement—repeated in Misquoting Jesus (138)—is simply a politically correct comment that is meant to suggest that for Jesus to restore the woman to a subservient role cannot be due to his compassion. Is not the point rather that the woman was fully healed, her strength completely recovered, even to the point that she could return to her normal duties and Jesus and his disciples? As such, it seems to function similarly to the raising of the synagogue ruler’s daughter, for as soon as her life was restored Mark tells us that “the girl got up at once and began to walk around” (Mark 5.42).

Third, in more than one healing narrative in the synoptic Gospels—including the healing of Peter’s mother-in-law—we see strong hints of compassion on Jesus’ part when he grabs the person’s hand. In Matt 9.25Mark 1.31; 5.41; 9.27; and Luke 8.54 the expression each time is κρατ ας/ ράτησεν τ  χειρός. kratevw with a genitive direct object, rather than an accusative direct object, is used in these texts. In the Gospels when this verb takes an accusative direct object, it has the force of seizingclinging toholding firmly (cf. Matt 14.3; 21.46; 22.6; 26.57; 28.9Mark 6.17; 7.3, 4, 8; but when it takes a genitive direct object, it implies a gentle touch more than a firm grip, and is used only in healing contexts (note the translation in the NET of κρατ ας/ ράτησεν τ  χειρός in Matt 9.25Mark 1.31; 5.41; 9.27; and Luke 8.54). What is to be noted in these texts is not only that there is no difference between Mark on the one hand and Matthew and Luke on the other, but that Mark actually has more instances of this idiom than Matthew and Luke combined. How does this ‘gently taking her/him by the hand’ not speak of compassion?

Fourth, to not see Jesus’ compassion in texts that don’t use σπλαγχνίζομαι or the like, as Ehrman is wont to do, borders on the lexical-conceptual equation fallacy in which a concept cannot be seen in a given text unless the word for such a concept is there. To take a simple example, consider the word for ‘fellowship’ in the Greek NT, κοινωνία. The word occurs less than twenty times, but no one would claim that the concept of fellowship occurs so infrequently. Ehrman, of course, knows this and tries to argue that both the words for compassion and the concept are not to be seen in Mark’s healing stories. But he leaves the impression that since he has established this point lexically by athetizing σπλαγχνισθείς in Mark 1.41, the concept is easy to dispense with.

Fifth, Ehrman’s dismissal of all alternative interpretations to his understanding of why and at whom Jesus was angry in Mark 1.41 is too cavalier. His certitude that “even the commentators who realize that the text originally indicated that Jesus became angry are embarrassed by the idea and try to explain it away, so that the text no longer means what it says” (“A Leper in the Hands of an Angry Jesus,” 86) implies that his interpretation surely must be right. (Although Ehrman makes quick work of various views, he does not interact at all with Proctor’s view, apparently because he was unaware of Proctor’s dissertation when he wrote his piece for the Hawthorne Festschrift. Proctor essentially argues that the healing of the leper is a double healing, which also implicitly involves an exorcism [“A Case for the Angry Jesus,” 312-16]. Proctor summarizes his argument as follows: “Given (1) popular first-century views regarding the link between demons and disease, (2) the exorcistic language of v 43, (3) the behavior of demoniacs and those associated with them elsewhere in the Gospel, and (4) Luke’s treatment of Mark 1:29-31, this seems to be a relatively safe assumption even though Mark makes [sic] does not explicitly describe the man as a demoniac” [325-26, n. 6].) Not only does Ehrman charge exegetes with misunderstanding Mark’s  γισθείς, he also says that Matthew and Luke don’t understand: “[A]nyone not intimately familiar with Mark’s Gospel on its own terms… may not have understand why Jesus became angry. Matthew certainly did not; neither did Luke” (ibid., 98). Is it not perhaps a bit too brash to claim that the reason Matthew and Luke dropped ojrgisqeivV was because they were ignorant of Mark’s purposes? After all, were they not also ‘intimately familiar with Mark’s Gospel’? Are there not any other plausible reasons for their omission?

Along these lines, it should be noted that not all interpretations are created equal, but the irony here is that Ehrman seems to want to have his cake and eat it too. In the concluding chapter of Misquoting Jesus he says “meaning is not inherent and texts do not speak for themselves. If texts could speak for themselves, then everyone honestly and openly reading a text would agree on what the text says” (216). He adds, “The only way to make sense of a text is to read it, and the only way to read it is by putting it in other words, and the only way to put it in other words is by having other words to put it into, and the only way you have other words to put it into is that you have a life, and the only way to have a life is by being filled with desires, longings, needs, wants, beliefs, perspectives, worldviews, opinions, likes, dislikes—and all the other things that make human beings human. And so to read a text, necessarily, is to change a text” (217). I may be misunderstanding him here, but this sounds as though Ehrman cannot claim his own interpretation as superior to others since all interpretation changes a text, and if each interpretation changes the text then how is interpretation of a text more valid than other interpretations? If I have misunderstood his meaning, my basic point still stands: his dismissal of other interpretations is too cavalier.

57 See the discussion in the NET Bible’s note on this verse.

58 Orthodox Corruption, 92: “not only is the phrase ο     υ ς found in our earliest and best manuscripts of Matthew, it is also necessary on internal grounds.”

59 Misquoting Jesus, 208 (quoted earlier).

60 Ibid., 95: “Scribes found this passage difficult: the Son of God, Jesus himself, does not know when the end will come? How could that be? Isn’t he all-knowing? To resolve the problem, some scribes simply modified the text by taking out the words ‘nor even the Son.’ Now the angels may be ignorant, but the Son of God isn’t.”

61 Codex X, one Vulgate manuscript, and a few other unnamed witnesses (according to the apparatus of Nestle-Aland27) drop the phrase here.

62 Misquoting Jesus, 95, 110, 204, 209, 223 n. 19, 224 n. 16.

63 Misquoting, 162.

64 Ehrman, Orthodox Corruption, 81.

65 Another criticism is that Ehrman has too hastily asserted that μονογεν  cannot have the implied force of “unique son” as in “the unique Son, who is God” (ibid., 80-81):

The difficulty with this view is that there is nothing about the word μονογεν  itself that suggests it. Outside of the New Testament the term simply means “one of a kind” or “unique,” and does so with reference any range of animate or inanimate objects. Therefore, recourse must be made to its usage within the New Testament. Here proponents of the view argue that in situ the word implies “sonship,” for it always occurs (in the New Testament) either in explicit conjunction with υ ς or in a context where a υ ς is named and then described as μονογεν  (Luke 9:38John 1:14Heb 11:17). Nonetheless, as suggestive as the argument may appear, it contains the seeds of its own refutation: if the word μονογεν  is understood to mean “a unique son,” one wonders why it is typically put in attribution to υ ς, an attribution that then creates an unusual kind of redundancy (“the unique-son son”). Given the fact that neither the etymology of the word nor its general usage suggests any such meaning, this solution seems to involve a case of special pleading.

The problem with this assertion is threefold: (1) If in the three texts listed above μονογεν  does, in fact, have both a substantival force and involves the implication of sonship, then to argue that this could be the case in John 1.18 is not an instance of special pleading because there is already clear testimony within the NT of this force. (2) Ehrman’s argument rests on going outside of biblical Greek for the normative meaning of a term that seemed to have special nuances within the Bible. But since in the NT (Heb 11.17)—as well as patristic Greek (see n. 62) and the LXX (cf. Judg 11.34 where the adjective is used prior to the noun that speaks of Jephthah’s daughter; Tobit 3.15 is similar; cf. also Tobit 8.17)—μονογεν  often both bears the connotation of ‘son’ (or child) and is used absolutely (i.e., substantivally), to argue for a secular force within the Bible looks like special pleading. (3) To argue that an implied lexical force becomes “an unusual kind of redundancy” when the implication is brought out explicitly in the text requires much more nuancing before it can be applied as any kind of normative principle: on its face, and in application to the case in hand, it strikes me as almost wildly untrue. In grammar and lexeme, the NT is filled with examples in which the ebb and flow of implicit and explicit meaning intertwine with one another. To take but one example from the grammatical side: ε έρχομαι ε  is a generally hellenistic expression in which the increased redundancy (by the doubling of the preposition) gets the point across. It is found over 80 times in the NT, yet it does not mean “come-into into”! Yet, it means the same thing as  χομαι ε , a phrase that occurs over 70 times in the NT. English examples readily come to mind as well: In colloquial speech, we often hear “foot pedal” (is there any other kind of pedal besides one for the feet?).

66 Added to my examples are those that a doctoral student at Dallas Seminary, Stratton Ladewig, has culled from elsewhere in the NT: . As well, he has found several inexact parallels. See his Th.M. thesis, “An Examination of the Orthodoxy of the Variants in Light of Bart Ehrman’s The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture,” Dallas Seminary, 2000.

67 A quick look at Lampe’s Patristic Greek Lexicon also reveals that the substantival function of this adjective was commonplace: 881, def. 7, the term is used absolutely in a host of patristic writers.

68 Ehrman is not altogether clear in his argument that monogenh;V qeov" was an anti-adoptionistic reading. If his construal of the meaning of the text is correct, it looks more modalistic than orthodox. Yet, since its pedigree is solidly Alexandrian, it would seem to go back to an archetype that antedated the roots of the Sabellian heresy. In other words, the motivations for the reading, assuming Ehrman’s interpretation, are muddied at best.

69 For the case that the NT speaks clearly of Christ’s deity, see Komoszewski, Sawyer, and Wallace, Reinventing Jesus.

70 Gordon D. Fee, review of The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture in Critical Review of Books in Religion 8 (1995) 204.

71 See J. K. Elliott, review of The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture: The Effect of Early Christological Controversies on the Text of the New Testament, by Bart D. Ehrman, in NovT 36.4 (1994): 405–06; Michael W. Holmes, review of The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture: The Effect of Early Christological Controversies on the Text of the New Testament, by Bart D. Ehrman, in RelSRev 20.3 (1994): 237; Gordon D. Fee, review of The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture: The Effect of Early Christological Controversies on the Text of the New Testament, by Bart D. Ehrman, in CRBR 8 (1995): 203–06; Bruce M. Metzger, review of The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture: The Effect of Early Christological Controversies on the Text of the New Testament, by Bart D. Ehrman, in PSB 15.2 (1994): 210–12; David C. Parker, review of The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture: The Effect of Early Christological Controversies on the Text of the New Testament, by Bart D. Ehrman, in JTS 45.2 (1994): 704–08; J. N. Birdsall, Review of The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture: The Effect of Early Christological Controversies on the Text of the New Testament, by Bart D. Ehrman, in Theology 97.780 (1994): 460-62; Ivo Tamm, Theologisch-christologische Varianten  in der frühen Überlieferung des Neuen Testaments? (Magisterschrift, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, n.d.); Stratton Ladewig, “An Examination of the Orthodoxy of the Variants in Light of Bart Ehrman’s The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture” (Th.M. thesis, Dallas Seminary, 2000).

72 Misquoting Jesus, 114 (italics added).

73 See, e.g., D. A. Carson, King James Version Debate [Grand Rapids: Baker, 1979], 64).

74 Although Ehrman’s Misquoting Jesus may well be the first lay introduction to New Testament textual criticism, in the spring of 2006 a second book that deals with these issues (and some others) is to be released. See Komoszewski, Sawyer, and Wallace, Reinventing Jesus, for a more balanced treatment of the data.

75 I am reminded of Martin Hengel’s insight about the parallel dangers from “an uncritical, sterile apologetic fundamentalism” and “from no less sterile ‘critical ignorance’” of radical liberalism. At bottom, the approaches are the same; the only differences are the presuppositions (Martin Hengel, Studies in Early Christology [Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1995], 57–58). I am not saying that Ehrman is there, but he no longer seems to be the true liberal that he once aspired to be.

76 It should be noted that Misquoting Jesus is dedicated to Bruce Metzger, whom Ehrman describes as “the world’s leading expert in the field [of NT textual criticism]” (Misquoting, 7). Yet Metzger would fundamentally disagree with Ehrman’s thesis in this book.

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Daniel B. Wallace

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Daniel B. Wallace has taught Greek and New Testament courses on a graduate school level since 1979. He has a Ph.D. from Dallas Theological Seminary, and is currently professor of New Testament Studies at his alma mater.

His Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics: An Exegetical Syntax of the New Testament (Zondervan, 1996) has become a standard textbook in colleges and seminaries. He is the senior New Testament editor of the NET Bible. Dr. Wallace is also the Executive Director for the Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts.

 

 



[a] 译按:差异(variant)指手稿和手稿中,不同之处,可以是一个字母,一个字等等。

[b]在这种方法中,一个基本准则支配所有其他考虑因素在任何给定的差异点,最有可能代表初始文本的差异,是最能说明其他差异存在的差异。(https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004236554/B9789004236554-s028.xml

[c] 译按:这“圣经难题”的答案,请见:谁把陈设饼给大卫吃?

[d]  《四眼天鸡》(英语Chicken Little),迪士尼的动画长片Chicken Little敲响了学校的钟声,同时每个警告人快点逃跑,这使整个城镇的堕落疯狂。

 

 

 

 

 

 

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